tiene un impacto directo en la vida comunitaria es la base del crecimiento económico el cual puede considerarse como el proceso de expansión o mejoramiento de los elementos productivos básicos

obtenga tiene un impacto directo en la vida comunitaria es la base del crecimiento económico el cual puede considerarse como el proceso de expansión o mejoramiento de los elementos productivos básicos de este sitio.

Desarrollo humano desde la perspectiva del crecimiento

El crecimiento económico sostenible promueve el desarrollo humano cuando utiliza recursos disponibles para mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de la po...

Artículos

Desarrollo humano desde la perspectiva del crecimiento

Human developmen from the perspetive of growth

Enrique Fuertes Grábalos [email protected]

Universidad de Zaragoza, España

Pablo Plou Lafuente [email protected]

Universidad de Zaragoza, España

Carlos Gómez Bahillo [email protected]

Universidad Complutense, España

Desarrollo humano desde la perspectiva del crecimiento

Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), vol. XXIII, núm. 4, pp. 81-97, 2017

Universidad del Zulia

Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 3.0 Internacional.

Recepción: 04 Junio 2017

Aprobación: 28 Septiembre 2017

Resumen:

El crecimiento económico sostenible promueve el desarrollo humano cuando utiliza recursos disponibles para mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de la población mundial. Y el desarrollo humano requiere libertad ideológica y política, equidad social y redistribución de la riqueza, sostenibilidad ambiental, seguridad personal y colectiva, entre otros. En este sentido el artículo plantea la relación existente entre crecimiento, desarrollo económico y progreso humano. Para lo cual se diseñó un estudio descriptivo –documental, donde se reflexiona sobre las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Es posible compaginar desarrollo sostenible y crecimiento económico? ¿El medio ambiente constituye una limitación al desarrollo? ¿Las cuotas de productividad y niveles de consumo no están deteriorando el medio ambiente y las condiciones de vida de la población? ¿Es posible un modelo de crecimiento que tenga como objetivo principal el desarrollo humano? Para responderlas se han recogido las principales aportaciones científicas, que fundamentan teóricamente la propuesta de un modelo de crecimiento económico sostenible cuya finalidad sea el desarrollo humano y el progreso social. No se puede concebir un modelo de desarrollo que se base exclusivamente en la acumulación material y crecimiento económico, a costa de la riqueza y sustentabilidad del medio ambiente, y que no tenga en cuenta el libre ejercicio de las capacidades y potencialidades humanas.

Palabras clave:

Crecimiento económico, desarrollo sostenible, desarrollo humano, bienestar, calidad de vida.

Abstract:

Sustainable economic growth promotes human development when it uses available resources to improve the welfare and quality of life of the world's population. And human development requires ideological and political freedom, social equity and redistribution of wealth, environmental sustainability, personal and collective security, among others. In this sense, the article raises the relationship between growth, economic development and human progress. For which a descriptive -documentary study was designed, where the following questions are considered: Is it possible to combine sustainable development and economic growth? Is the environment a limitation to development? Are the productivity quotas and consumption levels not damaging the environment and the living conditions of the population? Is a growth model that has human development as its main objective possible? To answer them, the main scientific contributions have been collected, which theoretically support the proposal of a sustainable economic growth model whose purpose is human development and social progress. We can not conceive a development model based exclusively on material accumulation and economic growth, at the expense of the richness and sustainability of the environment, and that does not take into account the free exercise of human capabilities and potential.

Keywords:

Economic growth, sustainable development, human development, well-being, quality of life.

Introducción

En la ciencia económica clásica y neoclásica el desarrollo es considerado básica y exclusivamente como sinónimo de crecimiento económico, y el indicador del desarrollo de un país es el Producto Interior Bruto (PIB), especialmente el PIB per cápita. Simón Kuznets (1966, 1973, 1974) relaciona el crecimiento económico con la distribución del ingreso, manteniendo que para reducir la desigualdad es necesario favorecer el crecimiento, ya que éste genera empleo. Además, el aumento de la productividad contribuye al incremento de los salarios y de los niveles de renta per capita (Kuznets, 1974).

El PIB es el valor monetario de todos los bienes y servicios que produce un país o una economía a precios corrientes (PIB nominal) o constantes (PIB real) en el año en que los bienes son producidos. Sin embargo, el PIB como indicador del desarrollo presenta algunas inconsistencias: unas relativas a la fiabilidad del indicador, es decir, si el indicador realmente llega a medir con una alta correlación aquello que se propone que mida; y otras, de carácter conceptual, referidas al mismo concepto de desarrollo, y si un indicador del valor monetario puede dar información real acerca del estado y evolución del desarrollo de un país o región. En efecto, el PIB es un indicador que no tiene en cuenta los valores monetarios que producen las economías reales, dado que no contempla el autoconsumo, ni la riqueza generada por la economía informal, ni el trabajo no retribuido, principalmente el de las mujeres, ni las pérdidas e incrementos patrimoniales derivadas de cataclismos, causas fortuitas, remediaciones o fenómenos naturales.

En segundo lugar, el PIB no es un indicador de calidad de vida o bienestar, tan solo de la acumulación y consumo material, dado que no tiene en cuenta ni la distribución de la riqueza, ni las “externalidades” sociales y medioambientales, como la contaminación, la erosión y pérdida de suelos, las desigualdades sociales generadas, ni la inequidad de género. Joseph E. Stiglitz, premio nobel de economía, expresa que el PIB:

fuente : www.redalyc.org

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Crecimiento, desarrollo económico y desarrollo humano: significados diferentes, fines complementarios

Crecimiento, desarrollo económico y desarrollo humano: significados diferentes, fines complementarios

Opinión

Crecimiento, desarrollo económico y desarrollo humano: significados diferentes, fines complementarios

27 May 2015 Karelys Abarca

Karelys Abarca es Economista, egresada de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, y Profesora-Investigadora en la Facultad de Economía de esta casa de estudios. Ha sido dos veces Premio Nacional Alberto Adriani, galardón otorgado por el Banco Central de Venezuela y la Fundación Alberto Adriani. Twitter: @karelitabarca

No existe una relación directa entre crecimiento y desarrollo económico, mucho menos entre crecimiento económico y desarrollo humano. El gran reto de la sociedad mundial es crear un vínculo efectivo entre crecimiento económico, desarrollo económico y desarrollo humano, en regiones con rezagos históricos en estos conceptos, como es el caso particular de América Latina.

El crecimiento económico sostenible ha sido tradicionalmente uno de los principales objetivos en la agenda de los países de América Latina, porque representa la principal fuente de financiamiento del desarrollo económico. El crecimiento económico consiste en el mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos disponibles. No obstante, no existe crecimiento económico sostenible sin factores productivos desarrollados. De modo que la relación no es lineal, sino que se trata de términos que se retroalimentan en un proceso dinámico.

El crecimiento económico sostenible es determinado por los mercados y las instituciones sociales en eficiente funcionamiento. Es decir, el crecimiento económico es un medio para el desarrollo humano, no un fin en sí mismo, pues depende de ciertas condiciones para convertirse en tendencia permanente. Por otra parte, las sociedades no detienen su nivel de desarrollo económico y humano, el desarrollo no es una meta fija, es una condición dinámica que exige la mejora continua del bienestar y calidad de vida de los individuos que viven en sociedad.

El crecimiento económico impulsa materialmente el desarrollo humano en la medida que amplía el estado de condiciones de producción y factores productivos (desarrollo económico); pero mientras mayor es el desarrollo humano, más sostenible es el crecimiento y desarrollo económico. Sin duda existe una relación muy estrecha entre todos estos términos, pero son esencialmente diferentes. El desarrollo humano exige crecimiento económico, libertad política, desarrollo económico, equidad social, participación comunitaria, sostenibilidad ambiental y seguridad humana. El problema de viabilidad del bienestar colectivo surge cuando se afirma contar con desarrollo humano y no se obtienen resultados tangibles en términos de crecimiento y desarrollo económico.

Para que haya crecimiento económico sustentable, que financie el desarrollo económico y el desarrollo humano inter-generacional, es necesario que los excedentes obtenidos de la economía se destinen a la inversión productiva, fundamental para incrementar la productividad laboral y destinar recursos a acciones concretas de desarrollo humano. El gasto público productivo como medio de intervención del gobierno en la economía, debe dirigirse efectivamente a ofrecer bienes y servicios públicos de calidad, para mejorar la eficiencia, equidad, equilibrio y desarrollo material de las naciones. Por lo que resulta imperante, lograr el equilibrio de influencias entre el Estado en democracia y el mercado, entendidas como dos instituciones complementarias y no antagónicas en la sociedad.

La idea que el solo crecimiento económico pueda resolver los problemas sociales del mundo, es una falacia. Por esa razón, algunas concepciones alternativas han puesto énfasis en el bienestar humano, basadas en la equidad de la distribución de los recursos disponibles y la creación de oportunidades para todos. Una vez superadas las ideas simplistas de desarrollo económico como única forma de desarrollo, podemos llegar al concepto de desarrollo humano.

El término desarrollo humano sostenible, surge formalmente en los años noventa, cuando Mahbuh ul Haq estaba encargado del Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y propuso un modelo alternativo basado en los aportes de economistas como Amartya Sen. Desde este modelo, el desarrollo es un estado complejo, consistente en la ampliación de oportunidades y opciones de la gente para lograr bienestar en un entorno democrático. Por lo tanto, es el resultado de un proceso que involucra factores sociales, económicos, demográficos, políticos, ambientales y culturales, con la plena participación de todos los individuos.

Desde la óptica de Amartya Sen, el desarrollo humano tiene como fin aumentar la libertad real de las personas. Según este enfoque, la expansión de la libertad es el medio y fin principal del desarrollo. El desarrollo humano consiste en la eliminación de controles a los tipos de libertad, que privan a los individuos de la posibilidad de aprovechar sus capacidades y oportunidades, y además, sin estas libertades no es sostenible ni sustentable el desarrollo. Pero, para garantizar libertades fundamentales en la sociedad, deben existir instituciones económicas y sociales sólidas que impidan que se desmorone el pacto social.

Amartya Sen afirma que el desarrollo humano exige la eliminación de las principales fuentes de privación de libertad: la pobreza y la tiranía, la escasez de oportunidades económicas, la escasez de bienes y servicios públicos y la intolerancia o el exceso de intervención de Estados represivos. Por ese motivo, si nos guiamos solamente por el número que nos indica el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), resulta que países de América Latina donde actualmente no son totalmente tangibles estas libertades (como el caso de Venezuela) aparecen como de desarrollo humano alto. Recordemos que el Índice de Desarrollo Humano considera la esperanza de vida, el logro educativo (alfabetismo y matrícula escolar) y el ingreso per cápita como principales factores de desarrollo; pero lamentablemente estas variables son numéricamente influidas por políticas de masificación, que dejan de lado otros factores determinantes.

fuente : www.americaeconomia.com