sustancia formada por átomos del mismo número atómico y que no puede descomponerse en otras más sencillos por métodos químicos.

obtenga sustancia formada por átomos del mismo número atómico y que no puede descomponerse en otras más sencillos por métodos químicos. de este sitio.

Mezclas y sustancias

 Recuerda lo más importante Clasificación de la materiaSustancia pura es aquella que está formada por un único tipo de moléculas, todas iguales entre sí.Compuesto es aquel que puede descomponerse por métodos químicos para obtener los elementos que lo integran. Sus moléculas están formadas por varios tipos de átomos.Elemento es aquella sustancia pura cuyas moléculas están formadas por el mismo tipo de átomos. No puede ser descompuesta de ninguna forma.Sistemas heterogéneos son aquellos en los que pueden distinguirse distintas fases, es decir, varias sustancias entremezcladas.Sistemas homogéneos son aquellos en los que todas las partes son idénticas, no pudiéndose distinguir las sustancias que lo componen.Disolución es un sistema homogéneo de dos o más sustancias. La que se encuentra en mayor cantidad se llama disolvente y las restantes se denominan solutos.Mezcla es un sistema heterogéneo de varias sustancias puras que conservan propiedades independientes. Concentración de una disolución

La concentración de una disolución es la cantidad de soluto que hay disuelto en una determinada cantidad de disolvente o en una determinada cantidad de disolución.

Métodos de separación

Las mezclas heterogéneas se pueden separar por medios mecánicos: filtración, decantación,  atracción magnética, lixiviación y tamizado.

Las mezclas homogéneas se pueden separar por destilación o cromatografía.El lenguaje de la química

Los símbolos químicos y las fórmulas químicas  son los distintos signos abreviados que se utilizan para identificar los elementos y compuestos químicos en lugar de sus nombres completos.

Una reacción química es un proceso mediante el cual una  o más sustancias (elementos o compuestos) se transforman en otras sustancias con propiedades y composición distintas a las de partida.

fuente : recursostic.educacion.es

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Elementos, compuestos y mezclas

materia, estructura atómica, Tabla perdiódica, enlace quíimico, nomenclatura química inorgánica, reacciones químicas inorgánicas

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Elementos, compuestos y mezclas

Elementos, compuestos y mezclas

Las sustancias son los materiales con los que trabaja el químico y éstas pueden ser puras o no. Las sustancias puras se clasifican en elementos y compuestos.

Los elementos son sustancias simples que no pueden descomponerse por métodos químicos ordinarios.

La mínima unidad material que representa las características de un elemento es el átomo. Un elemento posee átomos iguales entre sí y diferentes a los de otro elemento.

Desde la antigüedad se conocen varios elementos, algunos son muy abundantes, otros son muy raros, algunos son radiactivos y otros se han sintetizado en el laboratorio y tienen una vida muy corta.

Los elementos se representan por medio de un símbolo y se encuentran ordenados en la tabla periódica.

Por ejemplo:

Para fortalecer tus conocimientos, observa el siguiente video que explica qué es un elemento: la sustancia pura más simple que se encuentra en la naturaleza y que está formada por átomos del mismo tipo.

0826jccm (2015). elementos(sic). Recuperado de http://youtu.be/dMKa86uTFJQ

Los compuestos son sustancias que resultan de la unión química de dos o más elementos en proporciones definidas, se combinan de tal manera que ya no es posible identificarlos por sus propiedades originales e individuales y solamente por medio de una acción química se les puede separar.

Los compuestos se representan con fórmulas y la mínima unidad material que simboliza las características del compuesto es la molécula. Por ejemplo: ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), cloruro de sodio (NaCl), amoníaco (NH3) y agua (H2O).

Observa el siguiente video que te ayudará a saber más acerca de las mezclas que se forman de la unión física de elementos y/o compuestos, los cuales se pueden separar por métodos físicos.

0826jccm (2015). mezcla(sic). Recuperado de http://youtu.be/VmAm44Gkjjw

Las mezclas son el resultado de la unión física de dos o más sustancias a las cuales se les llama componentes, éstos pueden ser elementos o compuestos, y al efectuarse dichas mezclas conservan sus propiedades individuales.

La composición de las mezclas es variable y sus componentes podrán separarse por medios físicos o mecánicos debido a que no están unidos químicamente.

Las mezclas se pueden clasificar en homogéneas y heterogéneas.

Mezclas homogéneas: Son aquéllas cuyos componentes forman una sola fase y no se puede distinguir un componente de otro.

Ejemplo: la sangre, el agua de mar o una solución alcohólica.

Mezclas heterogéneas: Son aquéllas cuyos componentes no forman una fase homogénea, es decir, no hay una distribución uniforme de los mismos.

Ejemplo: arena, limadura de hierro, agua.

Existen diferentes tipos de mezclas en la naturaleza, algunas son de tipo natural y otras creadas por el hombre.

Con el objetivo de comprender mejor el tema, observa el siguiente video que muestra la diferencia entre las mezclas homogéneas y las heterogéneas.

0826jccm (2015). tipos mezclas(sic). Recuperado de http://youtu.be/KpJjQBuRLDU

Observa la siguiente tabla e identifica las diferencias entre compuesto y mezcla.

El químico trabaja frecuentemente con mezclas, ya sea a nivel laboratorio o industrial para obtener las sustancias en estado puro.

Métodos de separación de mezclas

La separación de los compuestos que integran una mezcla se realiza aprovechando las propiedades físicas de cada uno de ellos y se pueden aplicar métodos mécanicos comunes como:

Da clic en cada una de las flechas o puntos para ver la información.

DFIE – IPN (2015). Filtración [Imagen de elaboración propia]

Filtración

Se usa en mezcla sólido insoluble-líquido donde el sólido es de un tamaño tal que permite su separación mediante un medio filtrante, de manera que el sólido en cuestión quede retenido en el papel filtro y el líquido pase a través de él recuperándolo en algún recipiente o desechándolo, según sea el caso.

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En la siguiente videocápsula podrás percatarte de la separación de los componentes de una mezcla heterógenea conformada por arena, limadura de fierro, yodo y cloruro de sodio, en ésta observarás la secuencia de los diferentes métodos de separación que se utilizaron para su segregación, considerando sus propiedades físicas.

Primero se lleva a cabo la separación de la limadura de fierro, para ello se utiliza el método de imantación debido a que se aprovechan sus propiedades ferromagnéticas; posteriormente se separa el yodo mediante la sublimación y deposión del mismo; después se adiciona agua para aprovechar la solubilidad del cloruro de sodio en este líquido y se realiza una decantación y filtración para que el líquido quede sin residuos de arena, al efectuar estos métodos se separa la arena; por último, se tiene el cloruro de sodio disuelto en el agua, por lo que se procede a calentar para evaporar el agua y obtener los cristales de cloruro de sodio (sal común) utilizando el método de evaporación.

De esta forma se obtienen los cuatro componentes: limadura de fierro, yodo, arena y cloruro de sodio.

Da clic en la videocápsula Métodos de separación.

Métodos de separación

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