qué se genera cuando se producen vibraciones ya sean transversales o longitudinales

obtenga qué se genera cuando se producen vibraciones ya sean transversales o longitudinales de este sitio.

ONDAS TRANSVERSALES y LONGITUDINALES

4. CLASES DE ONDAS

Las ondas reciben distintas denominaciones según el aspecto en particular que sea tenido en cuenta

Conocer distintas formas de clasificar las ondas y sus diferencias.

Aprender a identificar un tipo de onda en particular.

Visualizar las caracteristicas de ondas transversales y longitudinales

Aunque todas las ondas tienen unas caracteristicas generales comunes podemos ver algunos aspectos que permiten agruparlas en clases distintas. Cada uno de ellos da lugar a un determinado tipo de onda.

Asi, por ejemplo, atendiendo a su naturaleza la onda puede precisar o no un medio material para su propagacion, esto las agrupa respectivamente en ONDAS MECÁNICAS ( ej. sonido, ondas en cuerdas... ) y en ONDAS ELECTROMAGNÉTICAS ( por ej. la luz se puede propagar en el vacio ).

Dependiendo de cómo se generan, es decir de la forma de oscilar en el origen, tendremos ONDAS PERIÓDICAS o NO PERIÓDICAS. Dentro de las primeras se encuentran las ONDAS ARMÓNICAS que corresponden a vibraciones de tipo senoidal.

Podemos incluir una subdivision segun sea la dependencia espacial de la funcion de onda y tendremos ondas que se propagan en una, dos o tres dimensiones.

Otra consideracion espacial se puede hacer atendiendo a la forma del FRENTE DE ONDAS que es la superfie definida por los puntos del medio a los que llega la perturbacion en el mismo instante. Los frentes de onda mas conocidos corresponden a superficies esfericas, cilindricas y planas, estando todos sus puntos con el mismo valor de la fase

La ONDA PLANA cuyo frente de ondas es un plano, es la mas utilizada por ser una buena aproximacion de cualquier frente en puntos alejados del origen. Su funcion de onda depende de una dimension por tanto por tanto corresponde al modelo básico de estudio.

Otra clasificación que hace referencia a aspectos menos controlables pero de gran importancia por sus consecuencias, es la de ONDAS TRANSVERSALES y ONDAS LONGITUDINALES. En el primer caso la vibracion asociada a la perturbación tiene lugar en una direccion perpendicular a la de propagación de la onda y en el segundo ambas direcciones coinciden. Las ondas transversales pueden ser polarizadas, es decir, el medio  puede imponer una de las posibles direcciones perpendiculares de vibracion y eso las distingue de las longitudinales. Las ondas electromagneticas son siempre transversales pero las ondas elásticas, dependiendo del medio en que se propaga, pueden ser de ambas clases. Por ejemplo el sonido es producido por variaciones de presion   tranversales y longitudinales en solidos, pero solo longitudinales en liquidos y gases.

EXPERIENCIA 4.1

Ondas transversales y longitudinales Autoevaluacion

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fuente : www.if.ufrgs.br

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Respuesta:1¿Qué se genera cuando se producen vibraciones ya sean transversales o longitudinales ?R=Las ondas trasversales2¿Cómo se le llama al movimiento periód…

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fuente : brainly.lat

Ondas longitudinales

ondas longitudinalesOBJETIVOS

Definir las ondas longitudinales.

Estudiar la propagación de ondas longitudinales en sólidos y fluidos.

DESCRIPCIÓN

Las ondas en las que la perturbación es paralela a la dirección de propagación se denominan longitudinales. Un ejemplo muy importante lo constituyen las ondas sonoras propagándose en cualquier medio material (sólido, líquido o gaseoso). Durante la propagación de la onda, las moléculas del medio oscilan en la dirección de propagación.

EJEMPLOS Y SIMULACIONESOndas longitudinales en una barra elástica

La siguiente simulación representa la propagación de una onda longitudinal, y con ella trataremos de mostrar las características esenciales del movimiento ondulatorio armónico. Supongamos que una fuente situada en el origen describe un movimiento armónico simple. El movimiento de la fuente es comunicado a las partículas del medio, en el cual se propaga un movimiento ondulatorio armónico. Puede observarse cómo las partículas del medio, y en particular, las situadas en la posición x = 3, dibujadas en color azul para distinguirlas del resto, describen un movimiento armónico simple. La parte superior de la figura, representa el desplazamiento de cada una de las partículas del medio en función de tiempo. Por razones de claridad su amplitud se ha exagerado.

Instrucciones

El programa  requiere introducir en el control de edición titulado Longitud de onda, el valor que le damos a la longitud de la onda, y en el control de edición titulado Velocidad de propagación, el valor que le damos a esta magnitud. Después se pulsa el botón Empieza y se observa la propagación de una onda armónica a lo largo del eje X, hacia la derecha.

Observar que las partículas del medio, en particular las situadas en x = 3, describen un Movimiento Armónico Simple, cuyo periodo podemos medir y comprobar que es igual al cociente entre la longitud de onda y la velocidad de propagación.

Congelar el movimiento ondulatorio en un instante dado, pulsando el botón titulado Pausa, y observar la representación de una función periódica de periodo espacial o longitud de onda igual a la distancia existente entre dos picos consecutivos, dos valles, o el doble de la distancia entre dos nodos (puntos de corte de la función con el eje X).Comprobar que esta distancia es la misma que hemos introducido en el control de edición titulado Longitud de onda.

Para reanudar el movimiento pulsar en el mismo botón titulado ahora Continua.

Observar la propagación de la perturbación y su desplazamiento a lo largo del eje X. Comprobar, utilizando el botón titulado Paso, que se desplaza una longitud de onda en el periodo de una oscilación.

Sin cambiar la velocidad de propagación, modificar la longitud de onda y observar que a mayor longitud de onda, el periodo de las oscilaciones es mayor y la frecuencia menor, y viceversa.

Medida de la velocidad de las ondas longitudinales en un metal

La siguiente simulación representa un tubo de vidrio que contiene aire. El tubo está cerrado por un extremo mediante un disco unido a una varilla de metal, que se hace vibrar longitudinalmente. Por el otro extremo, el tubo está cerrado por otro disco que se puede desplazar a lo largo del tubo a fin de buscar las frecuencias de resonancia. Conocida la velocidad del sonido en el aire y la longitud de las ondas estacionarias en el tubo, se determina la velocidad del sonido en la varilla de metal. (A su vez, conocida la velocidad del sonido en la varilla de metal, el mismo dispositivo podría utilizarse para determinar la velocidad del sonido de un gas que llenara el tubo).

La varilla que genera las ondas acústicas, tiene una longitud fija de 160 cm, y está firmemente asegurada en dos puntos, situados a 40 cm de cada extremo. Se han esparcido por el tubo de vidrio pequeños trocitos de corcho o polvo seco de alguna otra sustancia que no se pegue a las paredes. Se hace vibrar la varilla de metal y se va moviendo el disco en el otro extremo poco a poco, hasta observar una disposición bien definida (situación de resonancia) de las motas de polvo. Se localizan los nodos de la onda estacionaria formada, definidos por la ausencia de polvo para varias posiciones del disco desplazable. La distancia entre dos nodos consecutivos es una semilongitud de onda en el aire: la/2. Como la frecuencia de las ondas acústicas  no cambia al pasar del metal al aire y la longitud de onda en la varilla metálica es lm = 160 cm, puede obtenerse la velocidad de propagación del sonido en el metal como producto de la velocidad de propagación del sonido en el aire por el cociente entre la longitud de onda en la varilla metálica y la longitud de onda en el aire: vm = va (lm/la).

Instrucciones

La velocidad del sonido en el aire se ha fijado en el programa va = 340 m/s.

Elegir el material de la varilla metálica en la lista de materiales disponibles: acero, aluminio, cinc, cobre, estaño, hierro, latón, plomo y cuarzo.

Pulsar el botón Nuevo.

Desplazar cuidadosamente con el puntero del ratón el disco de color rojo hacia la izquierda. Aparecerá momentáneamente una onda estacionaria de color azul dibujada en el interior del tubo. Apuntar el desplazamiento x en la regla horizontal y contar el número n de semilongitudes de onda para calcular la longitud de onda en el aire: la = 2x/n.

fuente : www.ehu.eus