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Escritura maya

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Escritura maya

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Códice de Dresde, c. siglo xi-xii

Tipo Logográfico

Idiomas Maya ch'olano oriental (maya clásico)

Minoritariamente: maya tzeltalano, yucateco y otras lenguas mayenses

Creador cultura maya

Época Siglo iii a. C.

Estado Descifrado ISO 15924 Maya, 090

[editar datos en Wikidata]

La escritura maya fue el sistema de escritura usado por la civilización maya precolombina en Mesoamérica. Los caracteres o logogramas fueron llamados jeroglíficos por los antiguos exploradores europeos de los siglos XVIII y XIX, quienes, aunque no entendían su significado, les atribuyeron sin embargo similitudes en cuanto a su apariencia con los jeroglíficos egipcios, con los que la civilización maya precolombina no estuvo nunca relacionada.

Se trata del sistema de escritura que mejor se ha descifrado de entre los sistemas de escritura mesoamericanos (recientemente, se ha descifrado también la escritura epiolmeca).1​ Las primeras inscripciones que son identificables como mayas datan del siglo iii a. C.,2​ y se sabe que se usó hasta poco después de la llegada en el siglo xvi de los conquistadores españoles (e incluso luego, en lugares como Tayasal). La escritura maya usaba logogramas complementados por un juego de glifos silábicos, con funciones similares a los de la escritura japonesa. No obstante, ciertos lingüistas niegan que en las escrituras mesoamericanas se encontrasen reglas gramaticales con la capacidad de componer ideas, ya que carecían de ciertas funciones morfológicas y ortográficas, así como la capacidad de analizar palabras por género, número y función.3​

Índice

1 Escritura 2 Glifos emblema 3 Historia 4 Desciframiento 5 Otros hallazgos 6 Silabograma 7 Mayistas 8 Véase también 9 Referencias 9.1 Citas 9.2 Bibliografía

9.3 Enlaces externos

Escritura[editar]

Inscripción en glifos mayas de la localidad de Naranjo referida al reinado de Itzamnaaj K'awil pana kmanana, 784-810.

La escritura maya se compone de un complejo conjunto de glifos que laboriosamente se pintaban en cerámica, muros o códices; se tallaban en madera o piedra (en los que destacan los trabajos en las estelas e interiores de ciertas pirámides); o se moldeaban en estuco. Los glifos tallados y moldeados también se pintaban, aunque con frecuencia la pintura se deterioraba hasta perderse. La escritura maya era un sistema logosilábico cuyo significado es discutido. Los símbolos individuales ("glifos") podían representar bien una palabra (normalmente un morfema) o una sílaba; a decir verdad, el mismo glifo con frecuencia podía usarse de las dos formas.

Por ejemplo, el glifo calendárico MANIK’ se usaba asimismo para representar la sílaba . (Por convención se escriben las lecturas logográficas en mayúsculas y las lecturas fonéticas en cursiva ()). Es posible, pero no está comprobado, que estas lecturas conflictivas se originaran al ser adaptada esta escritura a nuevos idiomas, como sucedió con los caracteres Han para el japonés (). Igualmente hubo ambigüedad en sentido contrario: glifos diferentes se podían leer de la misma manera. Por ejemplo, media docena de glifos sin relación aparente se empleaban para escribir el nombre de tercera persona , de uso muy común. La escritura maya se escribía usualmente en bloques organizados en columnas de dos bloques de ancho y se leían de la siguiente forma:

Orden de lectura de los glifos mayas, similar al de la escritura alfabética europea occidental y usando columnas como las de un periódico actual.

Dentro de cada bloque, los glifos eran dispuestos de arriba hacia abajo y de izquierda a derecha, aparentemente casi como los bloques silábicos de la escritura coreana . No obstante, en el caso del maya, cada bloque tendía a corresponderse con una frase nominal o verbal tal como. Además, los glifos a veces eran abreviados o , en donde un elemento de un glifo sustituiría parte de otro. El condensamiento aparece en otras escrituras: por ejemplo, en los manuscritos españoles medievales la palabra a veces se escribía Ð (una D con el trazo central de una E). Un ejemplo en inglés es la "y comercial" (en inglés ) o (&) que es una ligadura de la palabra "" en francés normando. A veces, en lugar de la configuración usual de los bloques, se escribían los glifos mayas en renglones o columnas sencillas o en forma de ''L'' o ''T''. Estas variaciones aparecían más frecuentemente cuando se adaptaban mejor al área disponible para escribir.

Los glifos mayas eran básicamente logográficos, es decir, cada símbolo representaba un ente o concepto, como "pescado" o "jaguar". En general, los glifos utilizados como elementos fonéticos fueron en su origen logogramas correspondientes a palabras que en lenguaje hablado eran monosílabos, monosílabos que o bien terminaban en una vocal o bien en una consonante débil como o (sonido parecido al de la en las interjecciones ¡uh!, ¡ah!, ¡eh! del castellano).

fuente : es.wikipedia.org

la civilización maya desarrollo un sistema de escritura jeroglífico,así como el concepto de...a)

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Escritura maya

El sistema de escritura jeroglífica maya era una sofisticada combinación de pictogramas que representaban directamente objetos e ideogramas (glifos) que expresaban...

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Escritura maya

Escritura maya Recaudación de fondos para los servidores, 2023

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Artículo

por Mark Cartwright, traducido por Agustina Cardozo

Publicado el 12 febrero 2014

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Disponible en otros idiomas: inglés, bosnio, francés

El sistema de escritura jeroglífica maya era una sofisticada combinación de pictogramas que representaban directamente objetos e ideogramas (glifos) que expresaban conceptos más abstractos como acciones, ideas y sonidos silábicos. La escritura maya ha sobrevivido en tallas de piedra, estuco, diversos artefactos manufacturados y códices. Hay ejemplos en toda Mesoamérica. Descifrados en el siglo XX, alrededor del 75% de los textos sobrevivientes se pueden comprender.

Orígenes

Es posible que el sistema de escritura jeroglífica de los mayas se haya desarrollado a partir de los sistemas menos sofisticados de civilizaciones mesoamericanas anteriores, como la olmeca, que solo utilizaba imágenes literales (pictogramas), o puede haberse desarrollado de forma completamente independiente; los estudiosos no se ponen de acuerdo al respecto. Hay mayor certeza en torno al momento en que los mayas iniciaron su sistema de escritura: la segunda mitad del Preclásico Medio, hacia el 300 a. C. Sin embargo, el sistema de escritura más sofisticado de esta época casi con seguridad habría tenido precedentes anteriores, menos complejos, presentes en los siglos precedentes de la cultura maya. A partir del Clásico Temprano se produjo un aumento significativo de los monumentos de piedra con inscripciones y la lengua alcanzó su plena madurez y floreció a lo largo del período Clásico (250-900 d. C).

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Glifos mayas

Kwamikagami (Public Domain)

Fuentes

Los ejemplos mejor conservados de la escritura maya suelen proceder de monumentos de piedra, sobre todo de altares, estelas y elementos de escultura arquitectónica, especialmente alrededor de puertas y escaleras. La cerámica es otra fuente importante de escritura, ya que las vasijas suelen llevar escritura pintada o inscrita. Los ejemplos de escritura pintada, aunque mucho más raros, también sobreviven en cuevas y en algunas paredes interiores de edificios. Otra fuente, aunque con ejemplos más breves de texto, son los artefactos con inscripciones hechos de jade, piedra verde, concha y hueso. Por último, están los libros escritos. Estos volúmenes plegados en pantalla y escritos en papel de corteza siempre han estado en uso y, a partir del siglo IX d. C., se convirtieron en el medio preferido de los escritores mayas, ya que las inscripciones en los monumentos prácticamente desaparecieron. Por desgracia para la posteridad, solo tres ejemplos han sobrevivido a los estragos del clima tropical y a los celosos sacerdotes españoles, y todos ellos datan de finales del periodo posclásico. Los tres códices que han sobrevivido, curiosamente escritos solo con tinta negra y roja, se encuentran actualmente en museos de París, Madrid y Dresde. También se conservan algunas páginas de un cuarto texto maya que se encuentra en el Museo Nacional de Antropología de Ciudad de México.

El sistema

El significado de un texto debe interpretarse a partir de una triple combinación de imágenes que representan literalmente objetos o acciones reales (pictogramas); símbolos (glifos) que se refieren simbólicamente a objetos o acciones (y que también pueden indicar adjetivos, preposiciones, plurales y números); y glifos fonéticos que representan sonidos (por ejemplo, una vocal o una consonante y una vocal juntas), la pronunciación correcta, prefijos, sufijos, pronombres y tiempos. La escritura maya es, por tanto, una combinación de signos que representan sílabas (silabogramas) y palabras (logogramas). A veces, los conceptos podían representarse de formas alternativas, por ejemplo, un jaguar podía indicarse con un dibujo de una cabeza de jaguar o con los glifos fonéticos ba-la-ma o con una combinación de una cabeza de jaguar y el glifo ma.

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Glifo emblema de Tikal

wikipedia user: Authenticmaya (CC BY-NC-SA)

Aunque hay alrededor de 1000 símbolos diferentes en la escritura maya, los escribas de cualquier periodo utilizaban entre 300 y 500 signos. A pesar de que solo hay cinco vocales y diecinueve consonantes en la lengua maya, en realidad hay 200 signos silábicos. Esto se debe a que se pueden indicar combinaciones de vocales y consonantes y a que un mismo sonido puede estar representado por varios signos diferentes. Además, la lengua evolucionó con el tiempo para producir símbolos más agradables estéticamente para ciertas inscripciones y las innovaciones podían combinar, o reducir por simplificación, símbolos más antiguos que hacían que los signos fueran cada vez más abstractos. Sin embargo, los símbolos que representan palabras enteras siempre fueron más comunes que los símbolos silábicos, un hecho que quizás se explique por la reverencia maya a la tradición, la naturaleza sagrada del lenguaje y el deseo de hacer el texto lo más accesible posible a todos los lectores.

fuente : www.worldhistory.org