elemento que permite comprender un fenómeno o proceso en la superficie de la tierra
Santiago
Chicos, ¿alguien sabe la respuesta?
obtenga elemento que permite comprender un fenómeno o proceso en la superficie de la tierra de este sitio.
La Geografía
La Geografía es la ciencia que tiene por objeto el estudio de la Tierra y de los fenómenos y hechos que se producen en su superficie.
La Geografía
El estudio de la Tierra y los fenómenos de superficie se realizan: observando y analizándolos para comprenderlos; describiéndolos, es decir precisando cómo son o cuáles son sus características; localizándolos, es decir ubicándolos en el espacio geográfico y precisando el área que ocupan; explicándolos, es decir analizando sus causas y efectos y relacionándolos entre sí y con la población.
• Fenómenos geográficos son aquellos que ocurren por sí solos en la naturaleza, como los eclipses, la sucesión de los días y de las noches, las estaciones, la actividad volcánica, los movimientos sísmicos, las sequías, las heladas, las lluvias, etc.
• Hechos geográficos son las obras realizadas por el hombre sobre la superficie terrestre a través del tiempo, como las represas, canales, centrales hidroeléctricas; los puertos y aeropuertos; los caminos y ferrocarriles; las actividades económicas en general, etc.
• Los fenómenos y hechos geográficos conforman el paisaje. Por eso se dice también que la Geografía es la ciencia del paisaje.
1. La importancia de su estudio
La Geografía es una ciencia que tiene en la enseñanza un gran valor formativo, pues mediante ella formamos la conciencia geográfica de nuestra población que se expresa en el conocimiento reflexivo de la realidad nacional.Un pueblo con conciencia geográfica tiene un conocimiento reflexivo de su país, y, utilizando su experiencia, se identifica y participa en la solución de sus problemas que los siente como propios. Las personas que conocen al Perú y a sus problemas se convierten en agentes activos que actúan para solucionarlos; vale decir, en agentes activos del desarrollo nacional.
Para resolver los problemas de un país o una nación es preciso conocerlos primero e identificarse con ellos. Se ama lo que se conoce, lo que se siente, lo que llevamos dentro de nosotros. Se ama a la Patria. No se puede amar lo que no conocemos. No se pueden resolver los problemas de un país si no los conocemos. Para resolver los problemas nacionales hay que conocer al Perú, en forma reflexiva y no memorista. Ese conocimiento nos da la Geografía del Perú.
Conociendo nuestra Patria, estaremos capacitados para contribuir a su desarrollo.
Todos los estudios que se realizan en el país o en el mundo, sean humanos, económicos o políticos, requieren el conocimiento previo de la realidad nacional. Ese conocimiento real y reflexivo, nos da la Geografía como ciencia del espacio geográfico donde vivimos.
2. División de la geografía
Para comprender mejor el campo de acción de la Geografía, analicemos las diferentes áreas que abarca su estudio, recalcando que éstas son muy amplias.
La Geografía General se divide en las siguientes áreas de estudio:
2.1. Geografía astronómica
Aquella que tiene por objeto el estudio de la Tierra considerada como un astro y sus relaciones con los demás cuerpos celestes del universo: planetas, estrellas, cometas, galaxias, etc.
2.2. Geografía física
Aquella que estudia los fenómenos que se producen en los tres elementos constitutivos de la Tierra: la litosfera o elemento sólido, la hidrosfera o elemento líquido y la atmósfera o elemento gaseoso.
• El estudio de la litosfera o parte sólida y los fenómenos que en ella se producen se llama Geomorfología o Fisiografía: el relieve y sus modificaciones, por ejemplo, en su dinámica constante.
• El estudio de la hidrosfera o parte líquida, que forma los mares, océanos, lagos y ríos, se llama hidrología. Tiene sus siguientes ramas:
a. La oceanografía, que estudia a los océanos y mares;
b. La limnología, que estudia a los lagos y lagunas; y
c. La fluviología o patamología, que estudia a los ríos.
• El estudio de la atmósfera y los fenómenos que acontecen en ella, se llama climatología, o en forma más restringida, meteorología.
Atmosfera de la Tierra
2.3. Geografía biológica o biogeografía
Que estudia a la Tierra en relación con los seres vivientes, precisando cómo se distribuyen éstos sobre su superficie.
La biogeografía comprende, a su vez, tres grandes áreas:
a. – La fitogeografía, que estudia la distribución de los vegetales sobre la superficie terrestre;
b. – La zoogeografía, que estudia la distribución de los animales en el Globo; y
c. – La antropogeografía, que estudia a la Tierra como escenario de las actividades humanas. Se subdivide a su vez, en:
• Antropología social o Geografía humana, aquella que estudia a la población, sus características y problemas, relacionándolas con el medio donde vive.
• Antropogeografía política o simplemente Geografía política, que estudia la organización de un pueblo sobre un territorio, conformando un Estado, su demarcación, su administración y sus relaciones con otros Estados.
• Antropogeografía económica o simplemente Geografía económica, que estudia los recursos naturales de un país y la forma cómo el hombre los explota para transformarlos en riquezas y satisfacer sus necesidades vitales.
elemento que permite comprender un fenómeno o proceso en la superficie de la tierra
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Ciencias de la Tierra
Ciencias de la Tierra
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Diagrama del interior de la Tierra.
Erosión eólica de la tierra
Las ciencias de la Tierra estudia a los volcanes
Las ciencias de la Tierra son un conjunto de disciplinas cuyo objeto es el estudio del planeta Tierra, incluyendo su interacción con el resto del universo y la evolución de los seres vivos que habitan en él. Esta disciplina incluye diversas áreas del conocimiento, tales como: las geociencias, las ciencias atmosféricas, las ciencias marinas, las ciencias ambientales, las ciencias criosféricas, la limnología, las ciencias forestales, la ciencia del suelo, la geografía física, la paleontología, la ecología del paisaje y las ciencias planetarias.
Las ciencias de la Tierra1 constituyen una herramienta para planificar una explotación racional de los recursos naturales,2 comprender las causas que originan los fenómenos naturales que afectan al ser humano y cómo este influye en la naturaleza con sus acciones.
Por otro lado, las ciencias de la Tierra nos permiten entender los procesos naturales que han favorecido y/o amenazado la vida del hombre, y su estudio está ligado tanto al estudio de los flujos de energía en la naturaleza y al aprovechamiento de los mismos, como a la prevención de riesgos medioambientales, sísmicos, meteorológicos y volcánicos, entre otros.3
Un sistema es un conjunto de elementos que se relacionan e interactúan entre sí.4 El planeta es un sistema complejo cuyos componentes tienden al equilibrio,[] es decir que los movimientos en un sentido se compensan con otros en sentido inverso. Cualquier modificación que se produzca en algún elemento del sistema afecta directa o indirectamente a otros.
Geociencias, equivale a Ciencias de la Tierra y es uno de aquellos términos pos modernos que se han inventado para dar cuenta del conjunto de disciplinas científicas que construyen conocimientos sobre la Tierra, para comprender los complejos y variados procesos involucrados en la evolución, desde su nacimiento como Planeta 5
Los procesos internos generan relieves, o sea, lugares más altos o más bajos. Los procesos externos desgastan los relieves más altos y depositan en otros lugares los materiales producidos por ese desgaste o erosión, lo que mantiene el equilibrio del sistema físico.
Los procesos endógenos o internos se producen en el interior de la Tierra como es la tectónica de placas.6 Los límites entre placas tectónicas se clasifican en tres tipos: de convergencia, de divergencia y transformantes. El movimiento de las placas tectónicas puede producir orogénesis, formación de montañas, por apilamiento o deformación de la corteza (plegamiento y fracturación) y fenómenos como terremotos, magmatismo, metamorfismo y vulcanismo, así como la creación y destrucción de corteza.
Los procesos exógenos o externos que se desarrollan en la superficie terrestre intervienen en la transformación del relieve a través de la erosión, que consiste en el desgaste de la superficie terrestre; el transporte de los materiales del desgaste hacia otras zonas, y su posterior acumulación. Según el agente que actúa, la erosión se puede clasificar en: eólica, fluvial, marina, pluvial, glaciar, mecánica y antrópica.7
Placas tectónicas
Índice
1 Particularidades respecto a otras ciencias
2 Historia 3 Disciplinas 4 Véase también 5 Enlaces externos 6 Referencias
Particularidades respecto a otras ciencias[editar]
Las ciencias de la Tierra abarcan el estudio temporal y espacial del planeta desde un punto de vista físico, incluyendo su interacción con los seres vivos. Las variadas escalas espacio-temporales de la estructura y la historia de la Tierra hacen que los procesos que en ella tienen lugar sean resultado de una compleja interacción entre procesos de distintas escalas espaciales (desde el milímetro hasta los miles de kilómetros) y temporales, que abarcan desde las centésimas de segundo hasta los miles de millones de años. Un ejemplo de esta complejidad es el distinto comportamiento mecánico que algunas rocas tienen en función de los procesos que se estudien: mientras las rocas que componen el manto superior responden elásticamente al paso de las ondas sísmicas (con periodos típicos de fracciones de segundo), se comportan como un fluido en las escalas de tiempo de la tectónica de placas8 9
Como el objeto de estudio (la Tierra) no es manipulable y la obtención de datos directos es limitada, las técnicas de simulación análoga o computacional son de cierta utilidad.
Historia[editar]
Artículo principal:
Las ciencias de la Tierra se encuentran en constante evolución. La geografía de Plinio el Viejo solo describía los elementos de la superficie de la Tierra sin ligarlos a través de procesos, y se daba poca importancia a la dinámica de cambios y la interacción con los elementos que componen el medio ambiente. Durante los primeros siglos de exploración europea10 se inició una etapa de conocimiento mucho más detallado de los continentes y océanos. Se cartografiaron en detalle, por ejemplo, las alineaciones magnéticas en el océano Atlántico, que serían de gran utilidad para la navegación intercontinental. En 1596, por ejemplo, Abraham Ortelius vislumbra ya la hipótesis de la deriva continental, precursora de la teoría de la tectónica de placas. Antes, los exploradores españoles y portugueses, habían acumulado un detallado conocimiento del campo magnético terrestre. El nacimiento de los conceptos básicos de la geología (gradualismo, superposición, etc), en el siglo XVII y XVIII (p.e., James Hutton) o la meteorología,11 dio paso a una eclosión en el estudio de la Tierra. Hoy, las ciencias de la Tierra son parte de las ciencias físicas cuantitativas basadas en el empirismo, la experimentación y la reproducibilidad de las observaciones. Por otra parte también son ciencias que ayudan a mejorar la comprensión del planeta Tierra, para poder brindar respuestas frente a los desafíos para preservar el medio ambiente y alcanzar un desarrollo sostenible.12
Chicos, ¿alguien sabe la respuesta?